These course notes originate from a system programming course Xavier Leroy taught in 1994 to the first year students of the Master’s program in fundamental and applied mathematics and computer science at the École Normale Supérieure. This earliest version used the Caml-Light [1] language. For a Master’s course in computer science at the École Polytechnique taught from 2003 to 2006, Didier Rémy adapted the notes to use the OCaml language. During these years, Gilles Roussel, Fabrice Le Fessant and Maxence Guesdon helped to teach the course and also contributed to this document. The new version also brought additions and updates. In ten years, some orders of magnitude have shifted by a digit and the web has left its infancy. For instance, the http relay example, now commonplace, may have been a forerunner in 1994. But, most of all, the OCaml language gained maturity and was used to program real system applications like Unison [18].
Tradition dictates that Unix system programming must be done in C. For this course we found it more interesting to use a higher-level language, namely OCaml, to explain the fundamentals of Unix system programming.
The OCaml interface to Unix system calls is more abstract. Instead
of encoding everything in terms of integers and bit fields as in C,
OCaml uses the whole power of the ML type system to clearly
represent the arguments and return values of system calls. Hence, it
becomes easier to explain the semantics of the calls instead of losing
oneself explaining how the arguments and the results have to be
en/decoded. (See, for example, the presentation of the system call
wait, page ??.)
Furthermore, due to the static type system and the clarity of its primitives, it is safer to program in OCaml than in C. The experienced C programmer may see these benefits as useless luxury, however they are crucial for the inexperienced audience of this course.
A second goal of this exposition of system programming is to show OCaml performing in a domain out of its usual applications in theorem proving, compilation and symbolic computation. The outcome of the experiment is rather positive, thanks to OCaml’s solid imperative kernel and its other novel aspects like parametric polymorphism, higher-order functions and exceptions. It also shows that instead of applicative and imperative programming being mutually exclusive, their combination makes it possible to integrate in the same program complex symbolic computations and a good interface with the operating system.
These notes assume the reader is familiar with OCaml and Unix shell commands. For any question about the language, consult the OCaml System documentation [2] and for questions about Unix, read section 1 of the Unix manual or introductory books on Unix like [5, 6].
This document describes only the programmatic interface to the Unix system. It presents neither its implementation, neither its internal architecture. The internal architecture of bsd 4.3 is described in [8] and of System v in [9]. Tanenbaum’s books [13, 14] give an overall view of network and operating system architecture.
The Unix interface presented in this document is part of the OCaml System available as free software at http://caml.inria.fr/ocaml/.